![]() To the Han Dynasty, the manufacture of bronze was not limited to authorities, but more production patterns had emerged such as privately-operated workshops or joint state-private management. ![]() Entering into Warring States Period (475-221BC), with social change accelerated, the traditional ritual was completely destroyed and lead isotope ratios tended to be more scattered over time which indicates the sources of lead ores were diverse. Previous studies have shown that the lead isotope ratios of bronze vessels in early Spring and Autumn period (770-476BC) were highly concentrated and metal resources were allocated by the central authority. However, the utilization of bronze vessels at the end of the Bronze Age in China did not get enough attention. Therefore, bronze vessels made up the majority of metal vessels all the way through the Later Han period. But using bronze vessels as the funerary objects has not disappeared and been carried over into the Western Han Dynasty. ![]() The practical performance of bronze vessels strengthened while their ceremonial natures gradually subsided. The use of bronze vessels extended from the upper aristocracy to the lower classes of aristocracy. After the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the rapid development of iron technology had also fostered the progress of bronze industry. Because of ritual laws and their values, bronze vessels were used only by the upper aristocracy and given some hierarchical significances. In the three dynasties of Xia, Shang and Zhou, bronze vessels had an extraordinary role.
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